Activities archive

Shellcode repository

A shellcode is a little piece of binary data that is meant to be executed by a process as part of an attack vector. An attacker would usually place a shellcode in the process memory and aim to execute it to trigger an advantageous effect for the attacker.

While a shellcode would typically result in the attacker gaining a shell process by the means the of the execve system call, this needn't always be the case. Some shellcodes may result in writing data to a socket, scanning the memory, opening/creating a file and many others.

A shellcode is typically written in assembly language and then compiled into binary object code and fed to the vulnerable program. There are three actions an attacker must undertake to run a shellcode in a vulnerable program:

1. Write the shellcode: typically done in assembly and then convert it in binary object code.
2. Inject the shellcode into the memory address space of the vulnerable process. This is fed through some form of input to the process (standard input, program arguments, sockets, I/O, environment variables etc.).
3. Trigger the running of the shellcode by jumping to the shellcode address, usually done through a buffer overflow.

Go to 01-tutorial-shellcode/ in the activities archive.

shellcode.S is a simple shellcode doing an exit(42). You can build it in shellcode.bin and print it by running

$ make print
\xbb\x2a\x00\x00\x00\xb8\x01\x00\x00\x00\xcd\x80

The shellcode is already part of vuln.c, compiled into the vuln executable, in the shellcode global variable. It's run by forcing the shellcode variable and by casting it to a function pointer and calling it:

        void (*func_ptr)(void) = (void (*)(void)) shellcode;
        func_ptr();

This is possible due to making the data section executable when linking the vuln executable with the -zexecstack option, as shown in the Makefile.

You can check it works properly by running it and checking the return code:

$ ./vuln
Nice function at 0x8048510
$ echo $?
42

You can also check that by running the vuln program under strace:

$ strace ./vuln
execve("./vuln", ["./vuln"], [/* 27 vars */]) = 0
strace: [ Process PID=11063 runs in 32 bit mode. ]
[...]
write(1, "Nice function at 0x8048510\n", 27Nice function at 0x8048510
) = 27
exit(42)                                = ?
+++ exited with 42 +++

Go to 02-challenge-shellcode-exec/ in the activities archive.

Find a proper shellcode in the shellcode repository (or generate one under GDB PEDA using the shellcode command) and update the shellcode variable in the vuln.c file, build it into the vuln executable using make and check it works properly. Run it by itself and then run it under strace.

Go to 03-challenge-shellcode-exec-x64/ in the activities archive.

Find a proper shellcode in the shellcode repository for Linux and the x86_64 architecture (or generate one under GDB PEDA using the shellcode command) and update the shellcode variable in the vuln.c file, build it into the vuln executable using make and check it works properly. Run it by itself and then run it under strace.